In a world where technology has ceased (like my novel, The Other Side of the Sun) to function and basic amenities like running water are no longer available, knowing how to secure and treat water becomes a crucial survival skill. This guide will provide you with detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to find, store, filter, and disinfect water in a crisis situation. By following these practical techniques, you can ensure that you and your loved ones have access to safe drinking water, even in the most challenging circumstances.
Our goal is to provide several of these detailed guides that you can print and store in case needed. Not that the events of The Other Side of the Sun are likely to happen, but if they did, having a tangible reference would be crucial to survival. Print these out and store them, just in case. It is setup as more of a guidebook, so enjoy and provide feedback if you like this format.
Section 1: Finding Water Sources
When tap water is no longer available, you’ll need to locate alternative water sources. Here are some options to consider:
1.1 Natural Water Sources
- Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds are potential sources of water. However, it’s essential to keep in mind that these sources may be (most likely are) contaminated with harmful bacteria, parasites, or chemicals. Always treat water from natural sources before consuming it.
- When collecting water from a river or stream, choose a spot where the water is flowing and not stagnant. Avoid areas with dead animals, animal waste, or chemical runoff nearby.
- Locate these sources ahead of time. Get a map and notate where these water sources are prior to a crisis.
1.2 Rainwater Collection
- Rainwater can be a valuable source of water during a crisis. To collect rainwater, you’ll need clean containers, tarps, or gutters.
- If using a tarp, tie the corners to trees or poles, creating a depression in the center. Place a clean container underneath the lowest point of the tarp to catch the rainwater.
- If using gutters, ensure they are clean and free of debris. Place a clean container at the downspout to collect the water. Characters in the story found this to be the method that yielded the best results.
- Remember to filter and disinfect rainwater before drinking it.
1.3 Wells
- If you have access to a well, this can be a reliable source of water. However, you’ll need a manual pump or a way to draw water without electricity.
- If you don’t have a manual pump, you can create a simple bucket and rope system. Tie a clean bucket to a rope and lower it into the well. Fill the bucket with water and carefully pull it back up.
- If the well water appears cloudy or has an odd smell, it may be contaminated and require more extensive treatment.
Section 2: Water Storage
Storing water properly is essential to ensure you have a reliable supply during a crisis. Follow these guidelines for safe water storage:
2.1 Choosing Containers
- Use clean, food-grade containers made of plastic, glass, or stainless steel. Avoid containers that have previously held chemicals or toxic substances.
- Plastic containers with a PETE or HDPE label (recyclable codes 1 and 2) are generally safe for water storage.
- If using glass containers, make sure they are thick and sturdy to avoid breakage.
2.2 Cleaning Containers
- Wash containers thoroughly with soap and clean water before using them for storage.
- Sanitize containers by adding a solution of 1 tablespoon of unscented household bleach per gallon of water. Swish the solution around to coat the entire inside of the container, then let it sit for 30 seconds before pouring it out.
- Rinse the container with clean water and let it air dry completely before filling it with water for storage.
2.3 Storing Water
- Aim to store at least one gallon of water per person per day for a minimum of two weeks. This accounts for drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene needs.
- Label each container with the date you filled it to help track storage time.
- Store water containers in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
- Avoid storing water containers near chemicals, such as gasoline or pesticides, as vapors can penetrate the container and contaminate the water.
2.4 Rotating Water Storage
- Water can become stale over time, so it’s important to rotate your storage every six months.
- On the rotation date, empty the old water (you can use it for watering plants or cleaning), clean and sanitize the container, and refill it with fresh water.
- Update the label with the new fill date.
Section 3: Water Filtration
Even if the water you’ve collected looks clean, it may still contain harmful contaminants. Filtering water helps remove debris, silt, and some bacteria and parasites. Always assume water needs filtered!
3.1 Boiling
- Boiling is one of the most effective ways to kill harmful bacteria and parasites in water.
- Bring water to a rolling boil for at least one minute. At altitudes above 5,000 feet, boil water for three minutes.
- Let the water cool before drinking it or storing it in clean containers.
3.2 Filtration
- Ceramic, carbon, or gravity-fed water filters can remove impurities and improve water taste.
- Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for assembling and using the filter.
- Clean and maintain the filter regularly to ensure optimal performance. Many filters have replaceable cartridges that need to be changed periodically.
3.3 Cloth Filtration
- In an emergency, a clean cotton t-shirt or coffee filter can be used to strain out larger particles from water before further treatment.
- Place the cloth over a clean container and pour the water through it. The cloth will catch debris, silt, and some larger microorganisms.
- Remember that cloth filtration does not remove all contaminants, and the water will still need to be boiled or disinfected before drinking.
Section 4: Water Disinfection
After filtering water, it’s crucial to disinfect it to kill any remaining harmful microorganisms. If you don’t disinfect your water prior to drinking it can be extremely harmful.
4.1 Chlorine Disinfection
- Use unscented household bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite) to disinfect water.
- For clear water, add 1/8 teaspoon (8 drops) of bleach per gallon. For cloudy water, add 1/4 teaspoon (16 drops) per gallon.
- Mix the water and bleach thoroughly and let it stand for 30 minutes before drinking.
- If the water doesn’t have a slight chlorine smell after 30 minutes, repeat the process.
4.2 Iodine Disinfection
- Use 2% tincture of iodine to disinfect water.
- For clear water, add 5 drops of iodine per quart (or 20 drops per gallon). For cloudy water, add 10 drops per quart (or 40 drops per gallon).
- Mix the water and iodine thoroughly and let it stand for 30 minutes before drinking.
- Note that iodine may not be suitable for pregnant women, people with thyroid conditions, or those allergic to iodine.
4.3 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)
- Solar disinfection uses UV rays from the sun to kill harmful microorganisms in water.
- Fill clear plastic bottles (PET or PETE) with water, leaving a small air space at the top.
- Place the bottles on a flat surface in direct sunlight for at least 6 hours (or 2 days if cloudy).
- Shake the bottles occasionally to oxygenate the water and improve disinfection.
- Solar disinfection works best in sunny, warm climates and may not be as effective in cooler or overcast conditions.
Section 5: Maintaining Hygiene
In a crisis situation, maintaining hygiene is essential to prevent the spread of disease.
5.1 Hand Washing
- Use clean water and soap to wash your hands regularly, especially before handling food or after using the bathroom.
- Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds, paying attention to your fingernails, knuckles, and wrists.
- If soap is unavailable, use ash or sand to scrub your hands as an alternative.
5.2 Bathing
- If water is scarce, prioritize using clean water for drinking and cooking.
- For bathing, consider using a damp cloth or sponge to wipe down your body, focusing on areas prone to odor and infection (armpits, groin, and feet).
- Use a small amount of water to rinse off the cloth or sponge between uses.
In a crisis where technology and modern amenities are unavailable, securing safe drinking water becomes a top priority. By following the practical skills and techniques outlined in this guide, you can help ensure that you and your loved ones have access to clean water for drinking, cooking, and hygiene. Remember to prioritize water conservation and to be prepared by storing water and having the necessary tools and materials on hand. Stay informed, stay cautious, and stay hydrated to give yourself the best chance of surviving and thriving in a challenging situation.
Print this out and start a collection of valuable information to help in time of crisis. You don’t need information like this, until you do. A little effort now can have tremendous benefits to your safety and security down the road.